Ardisia is the largest genus in the Ardisiaceae family. It belongs to the former Myrsinaceae and is now considered to be the subfamily Myrsinoideae.
There are approximately more than 700 species in the subfamily Asterinae, distributed throughout the subtropical and tropical regions of the world. Species identification is difficult due to the large number of species and the lack of identifying codes.
Ardisia japonica, one of the Ardisia genus plants, is one of the 50 basic medicinal materials of traditional Chinese medicine .
chemical composition
Rhizoma plants are rich in polyphenols, triterpene saponins, isocoumarins, quinones and alkylphenols.
effect
Antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities
Studies have shown that the extract of Ardisia elliptica , one of the species under the genus Ardisia elliptica, also known as Ardisia elliptica and Binshu Qi, contains main compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethyl 2-furan. Formaldehyde, 1-naphthyl acetoacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol, and clindamycin have moderate antioxidant capacity and are active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Exhibits moderate inhibitory effects [1].
Treat type 2 diabetes
Research shows that Lanyu Purple Golden Bull has the effect of treating type 2 diabetes [2] .
Effect on cancer cells
Research results show that the extract of Ardisia gigantifolia , a species of Ardisia gigantifolia, has the potential to inhibit gastric cancer stem cells [3] .
In addition, in vitro studies have shown that other species of the genus Ardisia compressa , Ardisia crenata ( also known as golden 10,000 liang , cinnabar root), Ardisia japonica ( purple golden ox) , Ardisia crispa (hundred liang gold), have anti-cancer properties. cancer potential and deserves further study [4][5].
Anti-blood stasis effect
Studies have shown that Purple Golden Bull can reduce congestion symptoms, improve inflammatory response, and play an anti-blood stasis effect in blood stasis model rats. This may be due to the components Passiflorin, Galangin, Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, Scutellarin, Quercetin, and Foligenin [6].
In addition, studies have shown that Ardisia gigantifolia stapf may be a potential anti-angiogenic cancer treatment drug or lead candidate [7].
Traditional Chinese medicine effects
- liver cancer
- fever
- inflamed
- swelling
- pain
- Improve systemic blood circulation
- Rheumatism
- Earache
- cough
- diarrhea
- fracture
- Menstrual pain
- Qufeng and detoxification
- respiratory tract infection
- hepatitis
- dysentery
- acute nephritis
- urinary tract infection
- Tongmeng
- Bruises
- Snake bites
- External use to treat itchy skin
- Paint sores
toxicity
Studies have shown that Ardisia pyramalis and Ardisia loheri are teratogenic in mice (teratogenicity is the ability to cause defects in the developing fetus). A. loheri extract may even enhance the toxicity of vitamin A. However, A.pyramalis may provide some protection against vitamin A-induced malformations while also being teratogenic in its own right. Due to potential insecticidal and teratogenic activity, the use of these extracts for medical purposes should be restricted. Caution is recommended, especially during pregnancy [8] .
Although there is no scientific confirmation of this, there are indications that Christmas berries (Ardisia crenata) may be toxic to livestock, pets, and humans [10] .
conservation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species has listed 217 species of golden cattle [9] .
Among them, 16 species are critically endangered, 34 species are endangered, 41 species are vulnerable, 7 species are near-threatened, 87 species are least endangered, and 32 species have insufficient data [9] .
Potentially invasive
Ardisia japonica is an invasive species that can cause ecological harm in non-native areas.
Key factors leading to its invasion include rapid growth, high reproductive capacity, adaptability to a variety of conditions, lack of natural enemies, and potential allelopathic effects. This fast-growing shrub forms dense thickets that outcompete native plants for resources.
It produces abundant berries for animal consumption and aids in the widespread dispersal of seeds. Due to their tolerance to different environmental conditions, the goldenrod thrives in different habitats. Without natural controls, its population would grow unchecked. It may also release chemicals into the soil that hinder the growth of other plants.
Controlling its spread requires strategies such as manual removal, the use of herbicides and the promotion of native vegetation. It is critical to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species by avoiding planting them in non-native areas and handling plant materials responsibly.
One common species of Ardisia crenata is the Ardisia crenata , an invasive species introduced to the United States from Japan, with Florida and Texas particularly affected. The plant is considered a pest in Florida because it disrupts local ecosystems by competing with and hybridizing with native plants [10].
cultural significance
In its native range, goldenrod is used in traditional medicine for its purported medicinal properties. Various parts of the plant, including the leaves and berries, have been used to treat ailments such as coughs, fevers and digestive problems. However, scientific evidence supporting these medicinal uses is limited, and the plant is grown primarily as an ornamental species in gardens and landscapes.
references
[1] Alias, NZ, & Ishak, NKM (2014). Chemical constituents and bioactivity studies of Ardisia elliptica. The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210289201405020001
[2] Proceedings of the 1st International Conference for Health Research – BRIN (ICHR 2022). (2023). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-112-8
[3] Nguyen, PK, Le, TH, Nguyen, V., & Nguyen, TTN (2023). Ardisia gigantifolia ethanolic extract inhibits cell proliferation and targets cancer stem cells in gastric cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 13(6 ), 258. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.378600
[4] Newell, AMB, Yousef, GG, Lila, MA, Ramı́rez-Mares, MV, & De Mejía, EG (2010). Comparative in vitro bioactivities of tea extracts from six species of Ardisia and their effect on growth inhibition of HepG2 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130(3), 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.051
[5] Nordin, ML, Kadir, AA, Zakaria, ZA, Othman, F., Abdullah, R., & Abdullah, M. (2017). Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induction of Ardisia crispa and Its Solvent Partitions against Mus musculus Mammary Carcinoma Cell Line (4T1). Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9368079
[6] He, C., Hao, E., Du, C., Wei, W., Wang, X., Liu, T., & Deng, J. (2023). Investigating the Underlying Mechanisms of Ardisia japonica Extract's Anti-Blood-Stasis Effect via Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology. Molecules, 28(21), 7301. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217301
[7] Mu, L., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Liu, P., & Yan, C. (2020). Antiangiogenic effects of AG36, a triterpenoid saponin from Ardisia gigantifolia stapf. Journal of Natural Medicines, 74(4), 732–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-020-01427-4
[8] Herrera, AA, King, REC, & Ipulan, LA (2011). Effects of oral administration of crude leaf extracts of Aglaia loheri Blanco and Ardisia pyramidalis (Cav.) Pers on mouse embryo morphology and maternal reproductive performance. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(16), 3904–3916. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr.9000531
[9] The IUCN red list of threatened species. (nd). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=Ardisia&searchType=species
[10] Rayamajhi, MB, Pratt, PD, Klopfenstein, NB, Ross-Davis, AL, & Rodgers, LR (2013). First Report of Puccinia psidii Caused Rust Disease Epiphytotic on the Invasive Shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in Florida. Plant Disease, 97(10), 1379. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0225-pdn
