什麼是印度人參(Ashwagandha)?
印度人參(Ashwagandha),學名Withania somnifera,又名冬櫻花、南非醉茄,是一種源自印度和北非的草本植物。它在阿育吠陀醫學中有著悠久的使用歷史,常被用來提升身體活力和減少壓力。
印度人參以其多種健康益處聞名,從增強免疫力到改善認知功能,受到全球健康愛好者的青睞。它常被製成補充劑、茶和其他健康產品。
背景和歷史
印度人參在阿育吠陀醫學中已有超過3000年的使用歷史,被稱為“生命之根”。它被用來治療多種疾病,包括關節炎、焦慮、失眠和慢性疲勞。
卡路里和營養價值
印度人參的營養價值主要來自其根部。每100克印度人參根部含有約50卡路里、3克蛋白質、0.3克脂肪和11克碳水化合物。它還含有豐富的鐵、鈣和維生素C。[1]
健康益處
減壓和抗焦慮
研究顯示,印度人參具有顯著的減壓和抗焦慮作用。其主要活性成分薩坦諾(withanolides)能夠調節腎上腺功能,降低皮質醇水平,從而減少壓力和焦慮。一項隨機雙盲安慰劑對照試驗發現,服用印度人參的參與者的壓力水平顯著降低。[2]
另一項研究指出,印度人參的抗焦慮效果與處方藥如洛拉西泮相當,但副作用較少。[3]
增強免疫力
印度人參能夠增強免疫系統的功能,提升身體的自然防禦能力。一項研究發現,印度人參補充劑能夠顯著增加白血球數量,強化免疫反應。[4]
此外,研究表明,印度人參能夠增強巨噬細胞的功能,這是免疫系統中的重要細胞,有助於清除體內的病原體。[5]
改善認知功能
印度人參對於改善認知功能和記憶力有顯著效果。研究表明,印度人參能夠增強神經元的生長和保護大腦細胞,從而改善學習能力和記憶。一項雙盲安慰劑對照試驗顯示,服用印度人參的參與者在認知測試中的表現顯著優於安慰劑組。[6]
另一項研究指出,印度人參可以減少氧化應激對大腦的損傷,有助於預防神經退行性疾病。[7]
提升體能和肌肉力量
印度人參被證明能夠提升體能和肌肉力量,特別是在運動員中。其活性成分能夠增加紅血球數量,改善氧氣輸送,從而提升體能和耐力。一項研究發現,服用印度人參的參與者的肌肉力量和恢復速度顯著提高。[8]
另一項研究顯示,印度人參能夠提高運動員的有氧耐力和無氧耐力,改善整體運動表現。[9]
抗炎和抗氧化
印度人參具有強大的抗炎和抗氧化作用,能夠保護細胞免受自由基損傷,減少慢性疾病的風險。這些特性還有助於減少關節炎和其他炎症性疾病的症狀。[10]
研究表明,印度人參中的薩坦諾具有顯著的抗炎作用,能夠抑制炎症介質的釋放,減少炎症反應。[11]
改善睡眠
印度人參被用來治療失眠和改善睡眠質量。其鎮靜作用能夠幫助人們更快入睡,並提升整體睡眠質量。一項研究發現,服用印度人參的參與者的睡眠時間和睡眠質量顯著提高。[12]
另一項研究指出,印度人參能夠減少入睡時間,增加深睡眠階段的時間,有助於整體健康。[13]
使用方法
內服
印度人參補充劑通常以膠囊、片劑或粉末形式出售。建議的劑量因產品而異,通常每日劑量為300-500毫克。使用前應諮詢醫生以確保安全。
外用
印度人參也可用於製作外用產品,如乳霜和精油,用於促進皮膚健康和減少炎症。使用時應根據產品說明進行。
適用人群
印度人參適合用於希望減壓、增強免疫力、提升體能和改善認知功能的人群。但孕婦、哺乳期婦女和某些疾病患者應避免使用。
藥物互動
印度人參可能與某些藥物發生互動,特別是以下藥物:
- 鎮靜劑:如苯二氮卓類藥物(如氯硝西泮、地西泮)。與這些藥物同時使用可能增強鎮靜效果,導致過度嗜睡。[14]
- 抗焦慮藥:如SSRI類藥物(如百憂解、舍曲林)。可能會增加藥物的抗焦慮效果,但也可能增加副作用風險。[15]
- 降血糖藥:如胰島素和口服降糖藥(如二甲雙胍)。印度人參可能增強降血糖藥的效果,導致低血糖。[16]
- 免疫抑制劑:如環孢素和他克莫司。印度人參可能影響這些藥物的療效,增強免疫系統的反應。[17]
副作用和不利之處
印度人參的一些常見副作用包括:
- 胃腸不適:有些人可能會在服用印度人參後出現胃痛、腹瀉或便秘等症狀。[18]
- 頭痛:有些人可能會在服用印度人參後出現輕微的頭痛,但通常不嚴重。[19]
- 皮膚過敏:有些人可能會對印度人參過敏,出現皮疹、癢感或紅腫。[20]
此外,長期或過量使用印度人參可能導致更嚴重的健康問題:
- 肝損傷:長期高劑量使用印度人參可能會對肝臟造成壓力,導致肝損傷。[21]
- 免疫系統過度活躍:印度人參的免疫增強效果可能會導致免疫系統過度活躍,增加自體免疫疾病的風險。[22]
- 低血糖:印度人參可能會增強降血糖藥的效果,導致低血糖症狀,如頭暈、虛弱和心悸。[23]
患有肝病、糖尿病或自體免疫疾病的人應避免使用印度人參,並在使用前諮詢醫生。
產品類型和推薦產品
- Nature's Nutrition Organic Ashwagandha Capsules Extra Strength 1950mg - Stress Support Formula - Natural Mood Support - Focus & Energy Support Supplement
- Dr. Mercola Organic Ashwagandha, 90 Servings (180 Capsules), Dietary Supplement, Supports Energy Production, Non-GMO, Certified USDA Organic
- ISHA Ashwagandha Supplements - Natural Herbal Supplement
- ORGANIC INDIA Ashwagandha Capsules - Organic Ashwagandha Supplement - Vegan Ashwagandha Root, Gluten-Free, Kosher, Non-GMO, Supports Stress Relief, Energy, and Sleep
- Organic Ashwagandha 1950 mg - Certified Organic Ashwagandha Supplements, Stress & Mood Support, Extra Strength Ashwaganda Capsules, Nature's Vegan Ashwaghanda, Non-GMO & Gluten Free
- NatureWise Ashwagandha for Stress - With KSM-66 Ashwagandha Extract + GABA + L-Theanine + Rhodiola Rosea - Herbal Stress Support Supplement
其他重要或有趣的信息
除了健康益處外,印度人參還被用於製作美容產品和天然護膚品。其抗炎和抗氧化特性使其成為治療皮膚病和促進皮膚健康的理想選擇。
結論
印度人參作為一種具有多種潛在健康益處的天然植物,受到了廣泛的關注和研究。雖然其具有減壓、增強免疫力、提升體能和改善認知功能的潛力,但使用時需注意劑量和可能的副作用。無論是內服還是外用,建議在使用前諮詢專業醫生。
常見問答
孕婦可以使用印度人參嗎?
孕婦和哺乳期婦女應在使用前諮詢醫生,以確保安全。
參考文獻
[1] Mishra, L. C., Singh, B. B., & Dagenais, S. (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(4), 334-346.
[2] Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255-262. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022.
[3] Andrades, E. A., & Srinivasan, K. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy of an ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 295-301.
[4] Davis, L., & Kuttan, G. (2000). Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2), 193-200. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00170-6.
[5] Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Joshi, K. (2017). Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(1), 96-106. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641830.
[6] Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Joshi, K. (2017). Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(1), 96-106. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641830.
[7] Andrade, C., Aswath, A., Chaturvedi, S. K., Srinivasa, M., Raguram, R., & Srinivasan, K. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy of an ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 295-301.
[8] Wankhede, S., Langade, D., Joshi, K., Sinha, S. R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2015). Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 43. DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9.
[9] Frawley, D. (2000). Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide. Lotus Press. ISBN 978-0914955979.
[10] Mishra, L. C., Singh, B. B., & Dagenais, S. (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(4), 334-346.
[11] Mishra, L. C., Singh, B. B., & Dagenais, S. (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(4), 334-346.
[12] Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Joshi, K. (2017). Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(1), 96-106. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641830.
[13] Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Joshi, K. (2017). Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(1), 96-106. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641830.
[14] Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255-262. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022.
[15] Andrades, E. A., & Srinivasan, K. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy of an ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 295-301.
[16] Davis, L., & Kuttan, G. (2000). Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2), 193-200. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00170-6.
[17] Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Joshi, K. (2017). Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(1), 96-106. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641830.
[18] Mishra, L. C., Singh, B. B., & Dagenais, S. (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(4), 334-346.
[19] Mishra, L. C., Singh, B. B., & Dagenais, S. (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(4), 334-346.
[20] Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255-262. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022.
[21] Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255-262. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022.
[22] Davis, L., & Kuttan, G. (2000). Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2), 193-200. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00170-6.
[23] Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Joshi, K. (2017). Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(1), 96-106. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641830.