什麼是雞精?
雞精是雞肉萃取物製成的液體營養補充品,是由煮沸的雞肉、骨頭、有時添加香草或香料製成的濃縮液體。
在中國和新加坡等亞洲國家,雞精也被用作保健補充劑。 它被認為具有多種健康益處,例如提高能量水平、提高免疫力和促進整體健康。 雞精通常作為補充品或保健飲料銷售,有時包裝在小瓶或小袋中以方便食用。
健康益處
改善精神壓力
臨床試驗表明,雞精在改善健康成年人的工作記憶和日常生活中承受壓力的健康成年人的短期記憶中所使用的心理過程中的作用 [12] 。
大腦健康
一篇大規模的統合分析文章評估並得出結論,每天食用的雞精可以改善健康人群認知功能的心理處理方面 [6]。
小鼠研究結果顯示,一種新型水解雞肉萃取物 ProBeptigen®/CMI-168 (PB) 對認知能力顯示出有益的作用。PB 可改善與年齡相關的學習和記憶衰退,並減輕了海馬體的氧化壓力和發炎。PB 具有神經保護作用,其機制可能與雞精不同 [5]。
老年人健康
研究表明,雞精可減輕老年人膝骨關節炎疼痛和改善肌肉力量 [1]。也可以增強或維持老年人的大腦功能 [13]。
抗疲勞
小鼠研究結果顯示,滴雞精可以改善運動表現。補充滴雞精可降低血乳酸、血中尿素氮和肌酸磷酸激酶濃度。 這表明滴雞精具有有效的抗疲勞特性,可能是由於其較高的支鏈胺基酸含量。特別是使用耗盡雞作為雞精的來源 (母雞在產蛋週期結束時被稱為「耗盡」) [2]。
氨、乳酸、血清肌酸激酶 (creatine kinase / CK) 和血中尿素氮 (blood urea nitrogen / BUN)是與疲勞相關的生化變量。研究表明,雞精可顯著提高耐力和握力,並在急性運動挑戰後對乳酸產生和清除率產生有益影響。可顯著減輕長時間運動後的BUN和CK指數,並提高肝臟和肌肉組織中的肝醣含量、肌肉和肝臟超氧化物歧化酶、肝臟過氧化氫酶 (hepatic catalase / CAT) 和穀胱甘肽 (glutathione / GSH) 水平 [14]。另有研究表明,靈芝與雞精結合可增強效果 [7]。
改善生理時鐘
擾亂晝夜節律會損害健康,增加代謝症候群、心血管事件和癌症的風險。不同的研究表明,雞精對生理時鐘功能有增強作用 [8] [9] [15] [16]。
體重管理
研究表明,辣椒素、綠茶萃取物和雞精的綜合生熱作用可以轉化為積極的臨床效果,顯著增加靜止能量消耗,在補充2週並使用這種天然健康補充劑調節多餘脂肪後,可減少身體脂肪 [10]。
血糖管理
一項隨機對照、交叉、非盲試驗表明,雞精可能降低麵包和其他澱粉類主食的血糖反應 [11]。
研究表明,雞精對血糖值升高有抑製作用,對胰島素有促分泌作用。雞精與米一起食用可以改善胰臟功能和胰島素反應,有可能預防胰島素分泌低的亞洲人罹患糖尿病 [3]。
副作用
有案例表明,雞精可能會導致男孩性早熟。有男孩每天食用添加大量雞精調味料的食物6個月後,雌二醇和睾酮濃度顯著升高。雞精調味料中檢出一種植物固醇(C29H48O),迴避雞精調味後,患者性荷爾蒙濃度下降 [4] 。
雞精和滴雞精差異
雞精和滴雞精都是提取整隻雞的營養精華而製成的。雞精經過水煮、過濾除油、真空濃縮。 滴雞精在加熱時不使用水,收集的液體過濾除油後也不進一步濃縮 [17]。
參考文獻
[1] Chen, C., Chang, S., Chang, C. H., Hu, C., Nakao, Y., Yong, S. M., Mandy, Y. L. O., Lim, C. J., Shim, E. K., & Shih, H. (2023). Randomized, double-blind, four-arm pilot study on the effects of chicken essence and type II collagen hydrolysate on joint, bone, and muscle functions. Nutrition Journal, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-023-00837-w
[2] Chang, T., Chen, W., Huang, C., Lin, L., Lin, J., & Cheng, F. (2023). Anti-fatigue activity of dripped spent hens chicken essence in ICR mice. Animal Bioscience, 36(2), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0172
[3] Fujimoto, K., Fujii, K., Kanamori, T., Murai, K., Tomura, T., Tsutsumi, R., Teramoto, T., Nonaka, Y., Sakaue, H., Matsuo, Y., & Murayama, N. (2022). Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of chicken hot water extract on insulin secretion. DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 26(7), 2422–2430. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202204_28476
[4] Fujimoto, K., Fujii, K., Kanamori, T., Murai, K., Tomura, T., Tsutsumi, R., Teramoto, T., Nonaka, Y., Sakaue, H., Matsuo, Y., & Murayama, N. (2022). Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of chicken hot water extract on insulin secretion. DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 26(7), 2422–2430. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202204_28476
[5] Ni, Y., Ni, L., Ma, L., Wang, Z., Zhao, Y., Hu, L., Zheng, L., & Fu, Z. (2021). Neuroprotective effects of ProBeptigen/CMI-168 on aging-induced cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in mice: a comparison with essence of chicken. Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica, 53(4), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmab009
[6] Toh, D. W. K., Wong, C. H., Fam, J., & Kim, J. E. (2019). Daily consumption of essence of chicken improves cognitive function: a systematically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutritional Neuroscience, 24(3), 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415x.2019.1619984
[7] Li, H. S., Chen, Y., Hsu, Y. J., Wu, M., Chiu, C. C., Tung, Y. T., Tsai, W., Huang, W. C., & Huang, C. (2018). Effects of Ganoderma lucidum and ‘Essence of Chicken’ on Physical Fatigue Recovery and Exercise Performance Improvement. PubMed, 61(6), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.4077/cjp.2018.bah646
[8] Dilixiati, A., Koyanagi, S., Naoki, K., Matsumoto, N., & Ohdo, S. (2017). Dietary supplementation with essence of chicken enhances daily oscillations in plasma glucocorticoid levels and behavioral adaptation to the phase-shifted environmental light–dark cycle in mice. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 134(4), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2017.07.004
[9] Xu, C., & Sim, M. (1997). Effect of oral feeding of essence of chicken on the level of 5-Hydroxyindoie acetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 48(2), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637489709006970
[10] Tsi, D., Nah, A. K. H., Kiso, Y., Moritani, T., & Ono, H. (2003). Clinical study on the combined effect of capsaicin, green tea extract and essence of chicken on body fat content in human subjects. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 49(6), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.49.437
[11] Sun, L., Tan, K. W. J., & Henry, C. J. (2015). Co-ingestion of essence of chicken to moderate glycaemic response of bread. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 66(8), 931–935. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2015.1088822
[12] Suttiwan, P., Yuktanandana, P., & Ngamake, S. T. (2018). Effectiveness of essence of chicken on cognitive function improvement: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nutrients, 10(7), 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070845
[13] Konagai, C., Watanabe, H., Abe, K., Tsuruoka, N., & Koga, Y. (2013). Effects of essence of chicken on cognitive brain Function: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 77(1), 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.120706
[14] Huang, S. W., Hsu, Y. J., Lee, M. C., Li, H. S., Yeo, P. C. W., Lim, A. L., & Huang, C. (2018). In vitro and in vivo functional characterization of essence of chicken as an ergogenic aid. Nutrients, 10(12), 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121943
[15] Wu, T., Yao, C., Tsang, F., Huang, L., Zhang, W., Jiang, J., Mao, Y., Shao, Y., Kong, B., Singh, P. P., & Fu, Z. (2015). Facilitated physiological adaptation to prolonged circadian disruption through dietary supplementation with essence of chicken. Chronobiology International, 32(10), 1458–1468. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1105252
[16] Wu T, Watanabe H, Hong LK, Abe K, Ni Y, Fu Z. Effect of BRAND's essence of chicken on the resetting process of circadian clocks in rats subjected to experimental jet lag. Mol Biol Rep. 2011 Mar;38(3):1533-40. doi: 10.1007/s11033-010-0261-5. Epub 2010 Sep 12. PMID: 20835889.